Since I'm on the topic of emissions, commonly considered dominantly to be carbon, there is a cultural theory to be emphasized. What leads invention... rhetorical I know, but there are two main push and pull forces that generate invention. One being war and the other being a desire for an effective, cheaper tool to replace a current item. Meaning, to get society to become more “green” and reduce carbon emissions, jack the price of carbon to a price that will be too expensive for society to find reasonable. Doing so will then lead to society craving, inventing and using new fuels that won't deplete natural resources. The problem is, not only would this result in higher gas prices but even greater restrictions on air, train, and road transportation on everyday goods and services. Another concern is that technology is not developing at the required rate. There are hybrid vehicles, but even those are inefficient in delivering the necessary benefits as needed for proper action against global warming.
The other problem is the real costs of production. In quoting, “To make solar competitive with coal, we would need a carbon price $220; Congress is having a hard time passing something in the $7-$12 range.” Again, “The second blow to the carbon price way is the realization that the IPCC underestimated both the emissions reductions challenge, and the technology gap between fossil fuels and clean energy. Their list of wedges include ending all deforestation worldwide; doubling our nuclear power capacity (we haven’t built a single new plant in 30 years); and a 700-fold increase in solar power capacity.”
http://itsgettinghotinhere.org/2008/04/10/the-global-warming-debate-grows-up/
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